Layer of time · 7th – 1st centuries BC
Celtiberian hillforts
Settlements perched on spurs with defensive ditches, dry-stone ramparts, and fields of chevaux-de-frise stones. El Ceremeño, Peña Moñuz, and Castil de Griegos tell how people lived, defended themselves, and worked iron in Celtiberia before Rome.
A selection of traces related to this era. Dates correspond to the historical layer; a location may have other origins, transformations, and subsequent uses. Contested attributions are noted in their guides.
Stories of this layer
- Before Rome: the Celtiberian hillforts of Alto Tajo
How Alto Tajo’s Celtiberians lived, what their hillforts defended, and which sites are properly prepared for visits: El Ceremeño and Peña Moñuz.
Where its trace endures
Celtiberian hillfort of El Ceremeño (Herrería)
Herreria
Celtiberian hillfort of Peña Moñuz (Olmeda de Cobeta)
Olmeda de Cobeta
Castro de Castil-Griegos (Checa): Iron Age beside the Aguaspeña
Checa
Dehesa of Olmeda de Cobeta: ancient pollarded Pyrenean oaks
Olmeda de Cobeta
El Ceremeño Museum (Herrería)
HerreriaCastro de La Coronilla (Chera): an excavated Celtiberian hillfort
CheraEl Castejón of Luzaga: the oppidum of the Celtiberian bronze
LuzagaLos Rodiles (Cubillejo de la Sierra): an oppidum facing Rome
Cubillejo de la SierraCastro de Hocincavero (Anguita)
Anguita
La Cava (Luzón): a Celtiberian town above the Tajuña
LuzónEl Palomar and Cerrada de los Santos (Aragoncillo): Celtiberian settlement and cemetery
AragoncilloLa Hoya del Villar hillfort (Villanueva de Alcorón): excavations in progress
Villanueva de AlcorónEl Turmielo (Aragoncillo): watchtower and shelter of early Molina history
AragoncilloCastro de Los Castillarejos (Checa): rock-cut ditch and cyclopean tower
ChecaCastro de El Castillejo (Anquela del Pedregal): two enclosures upon a hill
Anquela del PedregalCastro de El Castillejo (Ocentejo): the hillfort seen in the days of Philip II
OcentejoCeltiberian necropolis of La Yunta: 268 graves on the Aragon border
La YuntaValdeherreros-La Azafuera (Riba de Saelices): from Celtiberian village to Roman vicus
Riba de SaelicesThe era on the map
450 million years ago – present
Before us
Before people, the Alto Tajo was a cold sea near the south pole, a forest buried by ash, a plain of red rivers, salt lagoons, and a tropical ocean; later the earth buckled and the Tagus carved through it. Each era left a rock that can still be seen today.
Upper Palaeolithic – Bronze Age
First traces
Before villages there were rock shelters. In the Cueva de los Casares, Upper Palaeolithic hunters engraved horses, stags, and human figures on the cave walls; at the Gallo shelters and Peña Escrita, later peoples left schematic painted signs on the stone.
7th – 1st centuries BC
Celtiberian hillforts
Settlements perched on spurs with defensive ditches, dry-stone ramparts, and fields of chevaux-de-frise stones. El Ceremeño, Peña Moñuz, and Castil de Griegos tell how people lived, defended themselves, and worked iron in Celtiberia before Rome.
1st – 4th centuries AD
Rome in the canyon
A double-tiered aqueduct in Zaorejas, perhaps linked to a mansio on the road between Laminium and Caesaraugusta, and the iron mining galleries of Cueva del Hierro: Rome arrived in the Alto Tajo in search of water, transport routes, and metal.
1129 – 15th century
The frontier and the Señorío
Borderland between Castile and Aragon, the Señorío de Molina was almost an independent kingdom: castles, watchtowers, a Cistercian monastery, and the salt pans of Armallá already recorded in the 12th-century charter of Manrique de Lara.
16th – 19th centuries
Salt, iron and timber
The Crown took control of the salt pans, ironworks drove tilt hammers with river water, and every winter thousands of logs floated down the Tagus toward Aranjuez guided by timbermen.
1860 – 1960
Resin, hooks and pastoral shelters
The century when the mountains sustained everyday life: resin tappers scoring pine trunks, shepherds sheltering under juniper-thatched chozones, lime kilns smoking beside villages. A world that faded within a single generation.
1936 – 1939
The frontline on the river
The canyon formed part of the Civil War frontline: positions atop the cliffs, guarded river crossings, and bunkers. The memory of the war also encompasses the Molina guerrillas, forestry labor, and local families. The Upper Tajuña valley traces this history on the western flank.
1950 – present
Villages that emptied
Reservoirs severed the river to floating timber, motor trucks retired the muleteers, and villagers migrated to Madrid, Valencia, or Barcelona. Some hamlets were abandoned completely; others endure with a handful of year-round residents.